Енглески

Etymology

Од Middle English Germanie, од Old English Germania, од Латински Germānia (land of the Germans), од Germānī, a people living around и east of the Rhine first attested у the 1st century BCE works of Julius Caesar и of uncertain etymology. The exonym was said by Strabo to derive од germānus ("close kin; genuine"), making it cognate са "germane" and "german", али this seems unsupported. Attempts to derive it од Germanic or Celtic roots since the 18th century[1] are све problematic,[2] although it is perhaps cognate са the Old Irish gair ("neighbor").[3]

Pronunciation

Proper noun

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  1. (geography) The Central European state formed by West Germany's 1990 absorption of East Germany, with its capital in Berlin.
    • 2014 јул 13, Sam Borden, “Germans End Long Wait: 24 Years and a Bit Extra”, in The New York Times[1], archived from the original on July 13, 2014:
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    • 2014 септембар 25, Michael Heise, “The Myth of the Stupid German Investor”, in The Wall Street Journal[2], archived from the original on January 7, 2015:
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  2. (geography, historical) The Central European state formed by Prussia in 1871 or its successor states, with their capitals in Berlin.
    • 1996, Paul Bookbinder, Weimar Germany: the republic of the reasonable, →ISBN, strana 90:
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  3. (geography, historical) A nominal medieval kingdom in Central Europe forming a region of the Carolingian and Holy Roman empires, with various capitals; by extension, the Holy Roman Empire itself, the empire of the Austrian Habsburgs.
    • 1759, A Military History of Germany; and of England. From the Year 1631 to the Year 1648. Being the Memoirs of an English Gentleman, who served in the army of Gustavus Adolphus; and afterwards in the Royal Army of King Charles I (1759)[3], strana 33:
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    • 1790, Thomas B. Clarke, A Statistical View of Germany, in respect to the Imperial and Territorial Constitutions, Forms of Government, Legislation, Administration of Justice, and Ecclesiastical State[4], strana 13:
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  4. (geography, chiefly historical) The nation of the German people, regardless of their political unification (see usage note).
    • 1775, Charles Burney, The Present State of Music in Germany, the Netherlands, and United Provinces[5], volume II, strana 3:
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    • 1776, Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire[6], volume I, strana 218:
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    • 1797, Colin MacFarquhar; George Gleig, editors, Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, 3rd edition, A. Bell and C. MacFarquhar, entry for "Mentz", strana 396:
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  5. (countable, geography, historical) West or East Germany or any other German state (see usage note); (in the plural) both, several, or all of these states, taken together.
    • 1872, John Fiske, editor, History of English Literature, Abridgment of Henri van Laun's translation of Hippolyte Taine's Histoire de la littérature anglaise (1864), strana 26:
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    • 2007, William Clark, Academic Charisma and the Origins of the Research University, →ISBN, strana 84:
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    • 2010, Ilan Stavans, Gabriel García Márquez: The Early Years, →ISBN:
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    • 2010 септембар 29, Klaus Wiegrefe, “Germany's Unlikely Diplomatic Triumph: An Inside Look at the Reunification Negotiations”, in Spiegel Online[7], archived from the original on June 27. 2012:
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Usage notes

In its present use, "Germany" almost always refers to the Federal Republic of Germany.[2] Historically, the extent of "Germany" was a contentious issue known in the 19th century as "The German Question". The political area considered "Germany" might include or exclude areas such as Prussia, Austria, Bohemia, or Switzerland depending on the speaker and context. The area more often described an ethnic region than a polity into the 16th century. In Old English, it was even occasionally used to refer to areas of England held by the Saxons, Angles, etc.[2] The medieval "Kingdom of Germany" is an English anachronism translating the Латински rex Teutonicorum ("king of the Teutons"), which was initially used as a derogatory exonym before being adopted as a formal title of the Holy Roman Emperors in the early Modern period. The title adopted by the medieval Central European rulers themselves was rex Romanorum ("king of the Romans"). Prior to 1990, both the current Federal Republic of Germany and then extant German Democratic Republic were referred to as Germany especially when talking about the two countries collectively or in relation to reunification.

Synonyms

Derived terms

Related terms

Placenames which are semantically related to "Germany".

Translations

See also

References

  1. See, for example, the variety of derivations cited at "Germans" у the Rev. George William Lemon's English Etymology (1788).
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "German, adj. and n". Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2012.
  3. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. "German". Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1996.

Anagrams


Државе Европе/Енглески