Додатак:Латински кардинални бројеви

Cardinal numerals

When someone counts items, that person uses cardinal values. In grammatical terms, a cardinal numeral is a word used to represent such a countable quantity. The English words one, two, three, four, etc. are all examples of cardinal numerals.

In Latin, most cardinal numerals behave as indeclinable adjectives. They are usually associated with a noun that is counted, but do not change their endings to agree grammatically with that noun. The exceptions are ūnus (“one”), duo (“two”), trēs (“three”), and multiples of centum (“hundred”), all of which decline. Additionally, although mīlle (“thousand”) is an indeclinable adjective in the singular, it becomes a declinable noun in the plural. These exceptions are further explained in later sections.

Summary table

1 - 10			11 - 20			x 10			x 100
1	I	ūnus, ūna, ūnum	11	XI	ūndecim	10	X	decem	100	C	centum
2	II	duo, duae, duo	12	XII	duodecim	20	XX	vīgintī	200	CC	ducentī, -ae, -a
3	III	trēs, tria	13	XIII	trēdecim	30	XXX	trīgintā	300	CCC	trecentī, -ae, -a
4	IV	quattuor	14	XIV	quattuordecim	40	XL	quadrāgintā	400	CD	quadringentī, -ae, -a
5	V	quīnque	15	XV	quīndecim	50	L	quīnquāgintā	500	D	quīngentī, -ae, -a
6	VI	sex	16	XVI	sēdecim	60	LX	sexāgintā	600	DC	sescentī, -ae, -a
7	VII	septem	17	XVII	septendecim	70	LXX	septuāgintā	700	DCC	septingentī, -ae, -a
8	VIII	octō	18	XVIII	duodēvīgintī	80	LXXX	octōgintā	800	DCCC	octingentī, -ae, -a
9	IX	novem	19	XIX	ūndēvīgintī	90	XC	nōnāgintā	900	CM	nōngentī, -ae, -a
10	X	decem	20	XX	vīgintī	100	C	centum	1000	M	mīlle

1–10

The smaller cardinal numerals, from ūnus (“one”) to decem (“ten”), are all singular (not made by combining two numbers).

ūnus

Inflection of ūnus ( I )

	M	F	N		MM	FF	NN
nom	ūnus	ūna	ūnum		ūnī	ūnae	ūna
gen	ūnīus	ūnīus	ūnīus		ūnōrum	ūnārum	ūnōrum
dat	ūnī	ūnī	ūnī		ūnīs	ūnīs	ūnīs
acc	ūnum	ūnam	ūnum		ūnōs	ūnās	ūna
abl	ūnō	ūnā	ūnō		ūnīs	ūnīs	ūnīs
voc	ūne	ūna	ūnum		ūnī	ūnae	ūna

Inflection: The Latin ūnus (“one”) inflects like an irregular first and second declension adjective. The irregularities occur in the singular genitive, which ends in -īus instead of the usual -ī or -ae, and in the singular dative, which ends in -ī instead of the usual -ō or -ae.

The choice of ending will agree with the gender of the associated noun: ūnus equus ("one horse"), ūna clāvis ("one key"), ūnum saxum ("one stone"). The ending will also agree with the grammatical case of the associated noun: ūnīus equī (genitive), ūnam clāvem (accusative), ūnī saxō (dative).

Plural: Although it may seem strange at first sight, ūnus does have a set of plural forms. These forms are used when the associated noun has a plural form, but an inherently singular meaning. For example, the Latin noun castra (“camp”) occurs only as a plural neuter form and takes plural endings, even though it identifies one object, hence: ūnōrum castrōrum ("of one camp").

Compounds: When ūnus is used to form compound numerals, such as ūnus et vīgintī ("twenty-one"), the case and gender agree with the associated noun, although the singular is used: vīgintī et ūnam fēminās vīdī . Unlike duo and trēs, the word ūnus is almost never used with mīlle (“thousand”) to indicate how many thousand.

duo

Inflection of duo ( II )

	MM	FF	NN
nom	duo	duae	duo
gen	duōrum (duûm)	duārum	duōrum (duûm)
dat	duōbus	duābus	duōbus
acc	duōs/duo	duās	duo
abl	duōbus	duābus	duōbus
voc	duo	duae	duo

Inflection: The Latin duo (“two”) has a highly irregular inflection, derived in part from the old Indo-European dual number. While some of the endings resemble those of a first and second declension adjective, others resemble those of a third declension adjective. The inflection of ambō (“both”) is very similar.

The choice of ending will agree with the gender of the associated noun, which will necessarily be plural: duo equī ("two horses"), duae clāvēs ("two keys"), duo saxa ("two stones"). The ending will also agree with the grammatical case of the associated noun: duōs equōs (accusative), duārum clāvium (genitive), duōbus saxīs (dative).

Compounds: When duo is used to form compound numerals, such as duo et vīgintī or vīgintī duo ("twenty-two"), the case and gender agree with the associated noun. This is also the case when used with the plural of mīlle (“thousand”) to indicate how many thousands: duo mīlia ("two thousands"), duōrum mīlium ("of two thousands").

trēs

Inflection of trēs ( III )

	MM, FF	NN
nom	trēs	tria
gen	trium	trium
dat	tribus	tribus
acc	trēs	tria
abl	tribus	tribus
voc	trēs	tria

Inflection: The Latin trēs (“three”) inflects like a plural third declension adjective with two endings in the nominative. Notice that the masculine and feminine endings are identical.

The choice of ending will agree with the gender of the associated noun, which will necessarily be plural: trēs equī ("three horses"), trēs clāvēs ("three keys"), tria saxa ("three stones"). The ending will also agree with the grammatical case of the associated noun: trēs equōs (accusative), trium clāvium (genitive), tribus saxīs (dative).

Compounds: When trēs is used to form compound numerals, such as trēs et vīgintī or vīgintī trēs ("twenty-three"), the case and gender agree with the associated noun. This is also the case when used with the plural of mīlle (“thousand”) to indicate how many thousands: tria mīlia ("three thousands"), trium mīlium ("of three thousands").

IV to X

1 - 10
1	I	ūnus, ūna, ūnum
2	II	duo, duae, duo
3	III	trēs, tria
4	IV	quattuor
5	V	quīnque
6	VI	sex
7	VII	septem
8	VIII	octō
9	IX	novem
10	X	decem

The numerals quattuor (“four”) through decem (“ten”) are all indeclinable, and never change their endings to match an associated noun. Each of these numerals has a single immutable form in all situations.

Many of these numerals are mirrored in English words (such as quadrangle, quintuplet, sextuple, octopus). The numerals for 7 through 10 appear in the English names of months (September, October, November, and December). These months were the seventh through tenth of the Roman calendar, since the Roman year began with mārtius (“March”).

11 - 20

11 - 20
11	XI	ūndecim
12	XII	duodecim
13	XIII	trēdecim
14	XIV	quattuordecim
15	XV	quīndecim
16	XVI	sēdecim
17	XVII	septendecim
18	XVIII	octōdecim
19	XIX	novemdecim
20	XX	vīgintī

Latin cardinals larger than decem (“ten”) but less than vīgintī (“twenty”) are constructed by addition. The ending -decim (a form of decem) is attached to the numerals ūnūs through novem. The resultant compound carries the same value as the mathematical sum of the components. For example quattuordecim (“fourteen”) is quattuor (“four”) + decem (“ten”). English does much the same by attaching -teen (a form of ten) to smaller numerals, such as the numeral fourteen which is four + ten.

In some of these compounds, a spelling and pronunciation change occurs during the attachment, so that sex + decem drops the -x and lengthens the e to yield sēdecim. This kind of change also occurs in English, as in five + ten which softens the sound of the v and drops the e to yield fifteen.

Exceptions: There are two exceptions to the general pattern for forming the teens. In Classical Latin, the numerals for 18 and 19 are more frequently written as subtractive compounds. So, although 18 may be written as octōdecim, it is more often written as duodēvīgintī (literally "two from twenty"). Likewise, the numeral for 19 may be written as novemdecim, but is more often encountered as ūndēvīgintī (“one from twenty”).

For more information about the subtractive pattern of construction, see the section on "counting backwards".

20+

× 10

Multiples of ten
10	X	decem	60	LX	sexāgintā
20	XX	vīgintī	70	LXX	septuāgintā
30	XXX	trīgintā	80	LXXX	octōgintā
40	XL	quadrāgintā	90	XC	nōnāgintā
50	L	quīnquāgintā	100	C	centum

× 100

Inflection of ducentī ( CC )

	MM	FF	NN
nom	ducentī	ducentae	ducenta
gen	ducentōrum	ducentārum	ducentōrum
dat	ducentīs	ducentīs	ducentīs
acc	ducentōs	ducentās	ducenta
abl	ducentīs	ducentīs	ducentīs
voc	ducentī	ducentae	ducenta

The numeral centum (“100”) is the only "hundred" that is indeclinable.

All multiples of centum up to nōngentī (“900”), e.g. ducentī (“200”), trecentī (“300”), etc., decline as a plural adjective of the first and second declension.

Multiples of one hundred
100	C	centum 1	600	DC	sescentī, -ae, -a
200	CC	ducentī, -ae, -a	700	DCC	septingentī, -ae, -a
300	CCC	trecentī, -ae, -a	800	DCCC	octingentī, -ae, -a
400	CD	quadringentī, -ae, -a	900	CM	nōngentī, -ae, -a
500	D	quīngentī, -ae, -a	1000	M	mīlle, mīlia (mīllia) 2
1 centum does not inflect. 2 see the following section on mīlle.

mīlle

Inflection of mīlle ( M )

	C (adj.)	NN (noun)
nom	mīlle	mīlia (mīllia)
gen	mīlle	mīlium (mīllium)
dat	mīlle	mīlibus (mīllibus)
acc	mīlle	mīlia (mīllia)
abl	mīlle	mīlibus (mīllibus)
voc	mīlle	mīlia (mīllia)

The Latin mīlle (“thousand”) is irregular in that it has two forms. In the singular, it is an indeclinable adjective, but in the plural it is a noun that declines like a third declension neuter i-stem. Notice that the genitive plural ending is -ium.

Singular: In the singular, mīlle (“thousand”) functions as an adjective. This singular form is indeclinable, so its ending will remain the same rather than agree with the case or gender of the associated noun. However, the associated noun will necessarily be plural: mīlle equī ("thousand horses"), mīlle clāvēs ("thousand keys"), mīlle saxa ("thousand stones"). This is true regardless of the case or gender of the associated noun.

Plural: In the plural, mīlia functions as a noun, and will inflect according to how it is used in the sentence (subject, direct object, etc.). The associated noun being counted will necessarily be in the genitive plural, and so will not agree with the grammatical case of mīlia. Note that, if the numeral before mīlia is duo or trēs, then it will take a neuter form in the same grammatical case as mīlia: octō mīlia equōrum (nominative, "eight thousand of horses"), cum tribus mīlibus clāvium (ablative, "with three thousand of keys"), duōrum mīlium saxōrum (genitive, "of two thousand of stones").

Compound cardinals

Latin cardinal numerals larger than vīgintī (“twenty”), that are not multiples of ten, are assembled as compound words. The components of these compounds are the numerals ūnus (“one”) through novem (“nine”) and the multiples of decem (“10”), the multiples of centum (“100”), and mīlle (“1000”).

Compound numerals in Latin are assembled by one of two basic methods: additive or subtractive. Most compound numerals are additive, meaning that the value of the compound numeral is calculated by adding the values of the component words. However, a few Latin compound numerals are subtractive, meaning that the value of the compound numeral is calculated by subtracting the values of the component words. A large-valued compound numeral may incorporate both additive and subtractive components.

Counting backwards

Tens +8 ( or –2 )			Tens +9 ( or –1 )
18	XVIII	duodēvīgintī	19	XIX	ūndēvīgintī
28	XXVIII	duodētrīgintā	29	XXIX	ūndētrīgintā
38	XXXVIII	duodēquadrāgintā	39	XXXIX	ūndēquadrāgintā
48	XLVIII	duodēquīnquāgintā	49	XLIX	ūndēquīnquāgintā
58	LVIII	duodēsexāgintā	59	LIX	ūndēsexāgintā
68	LXVIII	duodēseptuāgintā	69	LXIX	ūndēseptuāgintā
78	LXXVIII	duodēoctōgintā	79	LXXIX	ūndēoctōgintā
88	LXXXVIII	duodēnōnāgintā	89	LXXXIX	ūndēnōnāgintā
98	XCVIII	nōnāgintā octō	99	XCIX	nōnāgintā novem

Of the Latin compound numerals less than centum (“100”), sixteen are normally subtractive. All of these special cases represent values that are one or two less than a multiple of ten, and have names that subtract from a starting value rather than adding to that value. These sixteen exceptions are displayed in the table at right. Note that the compound numerals for 98 and 99 are not among the special cases, but instead are formed in the usual additive way. Subtractive compounds normally are written as single words (with no spaces) and are indeclinable.

Numerals representing cardinal values that are eight more (two less) than a multiple of ten are constructed literally as:

duo (“two”) + dē (“from”) + multiple of ten

Thus, the numeral for 48 is normally written as duodēquīnquāgintā (“two from fifty”), rather than as the expected quadrāgintā octō (“forty-eight”) or octō et quadrāgintā (“eight and forty”). The latter two additive forms are possible, but are not found in Classical Latin as frequently as the subtractive form.

Numerals representing cardinal values that are nine more (one less) than a multiple of ten are constructed literally as:

ūnus (“one”) + dē (“from”) + multiple of ten

Thus, the numeral for 49 is normally written as ūndēquīnquāgintā (“one from fifty”), rather than as the expected quadrāgintā novem (“forty-nine”) or novem et quadrāgintā (“nine and forty”). The latter two additive forms are possible, but are not found in Classical Latin as frequently as the subtractive form.

Grammar

Numbers are almost always treated as adjectives, and often come before the noun. They may be used alone as substantive nouns, but as most are indeclinable, this tends to be ambiguous. Mille behaves differently; in the plural, as milia, the noun being counted must be in the genitive plural. For example, "two thousand soldiers" would be "duo milia militum" (literally, "two thousands of soldiers). Thus a mile is mille passūs (literally, "a thousand paces"), but two miles is duo milia passuum (literally, "two thousands of paces").

To denote one's age, which in English is expressed in the construction I am ... years old, in Latin one would most commonly say Habeo ... annos (literally, "I have ... years"). The numeral is in the accusative plural, if it declines.

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