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Derived stems (sound verbs)

Arabic Verbs

Arabic Nouns

Arabic verbs are noted for an unusual system of derivation. From any particular root various verb stems may be formed. Western scholars usually refer to these derivations as “Облик I”, “form II”, ... up through “form XV,” though these designations are not used indigenously, where they are referred to by derivations from the root ف ع ل (f-ʿ-l). Accordingly, form I would be فَعَلَ (faʿala), form II would be فَعَّلَ (faʿʿala), etc. These forms refer to triliteral roots (those made of three consonants). There are also quadriliteral roots, made up of four consonants, which come in four forms, “form Iq”, “form IIq”, “form IIIq” and “form IVq”. Triliteral forms XI through XV and quadriliteral forms IIIq and IVq are rare and tend to be intransitive, often stative, verbs (having the meaning “to be or become X” where X is an adjective).

These forms and their associated participles and verbal nouns are the primary means of forming vocabulary in Arabic. All of the examples shown here are the citation forms, which in Arabic means the 3rd-person masculine singular perfect (e.g., “he did”, “he wrote”).

Облик I

Perfective فَعَلَ، فَعِلَ، فَعُلَ (faʿala, faʿila, faʿula), imperfective يَفْعَلُ، يَفْعِلُ، يَفْعُلُ (yafʿalu, yafʿilu, yafʿulu), active participle فَاعِل‎ (fāʿil), passive participle مَفْعُول‎ (mafʿūl), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَلْ‎‎، اِفْعِلْ، اُفْعُلْ (ifʿal, ifʿil, ufʿul)

This is the simplest basic form of a verb; it gives the general idea of its root. Most verbs are triliteral, but there are a few quadriliteral ones.

قَتَلَ (qatala, “to kill”, literally “he killed”)
سَلِمَ (salima, “to be safe”, literally “he was safe”)
ضَحِكَ (ḍaḥika, “to laugh”, literally “he laughed”)
حَبَّ (ḥabba, “to love”, literally “he loved”)

When the middle vowel of the perfective is a, the middle vowel of the imperfective may be a, i, or u. When the perfective vowel is i, the imperfective vowel is usually a; when the perfective vowel is u, the imperfective vowel is also u.

perfective vowel	imperfective vowel	example
a	a	ذَهَبَ (ḏahaba)	يَذْهَبُ (yaḏhabu)	to go
	i	غَسَلَ (ḡasala)	يَغْسِلُ (yaḡsilu)	to wash
	u	كَتَبَ (kataba)	يَكْتُبُ (yaktubu)	to write
i	a	شَرِبَ (šariba)	يَشْرَبُ (yašrabu)	to drink
i	i	وَثِقَ (waṯiqa)	يَثِقُ (yaṯiqu)	to trust
u	u	كَرُمَ (karuma)	يَكْرُمُ (yakrumu)	to be generous

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Облик II

Perfective فَعَّلَ (faʿʿala), imperfective يُفَعِّلُ (yufaʿʿilu), verbal noun تَفْعِيل (tafʿīl), active participle مُفَعِّل (mufaʿʿil), passive participle مُفَعَّل (mufaʿʿal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) فَعِّلْ (faʿʿil)

This stem is formed by doubling the second radical. The meaning this form imparts is intensive, causative, or declarative.

كَتَّبَ (kattaba, “to cause to write”, causative)
قَتَّلَ (qattala, “to massacre”, intensive)
كَبَّرَ (kabbara, “to make big”, causative)
مَرَّضَ (marraḍa, “to nurse the sick”, negative)

It is frequently used as a denominative formation to convert nouns or adjectives into verbs.

جَنَّسَ (jannasa, “to classify”), from جِنْس (jins, “kind”)

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Облик III

Perfective فَاعَلَ (fāʿala), imperfective يُفَاعِلُ (yufāʿilu), verbal noun مُفَاعَلَة (mufāʿala), active participle مُفَاعِل (mufāʿil), passive participle مُفَاعَل (mufāʿal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) فَاعِلْ (fāʿil)

This stem is formed by lengthening the vowel after the first radical. The meaning this form imparts is often conative and always transitive. The indirect object of form I is the direct object of form III. Thus, the object of the preposition إِلَى (ʾilā, “to”) in كَتَبَ إِلَى أَحْمَدَ (kataba ʾilā ʾaḥmada, “he wrote to Ahmad”) becomes the direct object of the verb in كَاتَبَ أَحْمَدَ (kātaba ʾaḥmada, “he corresponded with Ahmad”).

كَاتَبَ (kātaba, “to correspond with”)
قَاتَلَ (qātala, “to try to kill”)
سَالَمَ (sālama, “to make peace with”)

Такође погледајте: Category:Arabic form-III verbs

Облик IV

Perfective أَفْعَلَ (ʾafʿala), imperfective يُفْعِلُ (yufʿilu), verbal noun إِفْعَال (ʾifʿāl), active participle مُفْعِل (mufʿil), passive participle مُفْعَل (mufʿal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) أَفْعِلْ (ʾafʿil)

This stem is formed by prefixing أَـ (ʾa-) and dropping the vowel of the first radical. In the imperfect, the أَ (ʾa) disappears and the regular imperfect prefix takes the vowel u, and the characteristic is i: يُكْتِبُ (yuktibu). The meaning this form imparts is usually causative.

أَكْتَبَ (ʾaktaba, “to dictate; to make someone write”)
أَخْلَفَ (ʾaḵlafa, “to leave, to compensate”)
أَسْلَمَ (ʾaslama, “to submit”)

Sometimes it has a declarative meaning: to say that someone has a certain quality.

أَحْمَدَ (ʾaḥmada, “to consider praiseworthy”) — from حَمِدَ (ḥamida, “to praise”)

Occasionally Form IV is derived from a noun and has an intransitive meaning:

أَذْنَبَ (ʾaḏnaba, “to sin”) — from ذَنْب (ḏanb, “a sin”)

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Облик V

Perfective تَفَعَّلَ (tafaʿʿala), imperfective يَتَفَعَّلُ (yatafaʿʿalu), verbal noun تَفَعُّل (tafaʿʿul), active participle مُتَفَعِّل (mutafaʿʿil), passive participle مُتَفَعَّل (mutafaʿʿal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) تَفَعَّلْ (tafaʿʿal)

This stem is formed by prefixing تَـ (ta-) to form II. The meaning this form imparts is the reflexive or passive of form II. Out of the reflexive also arises the effective. This differs from the passive in that the latter indicates that the person is the object of, or experiences the effect of, the action of a another; whereas the effective implies that an act is done to a person, or a state produced in him, whether it is caused by another or himself.

تَفَرَّقَ (tafarraqa, “to scatter”, intransitive)
تَخَلَّفَ (taḵallafa, “to hold back from”)
تَسَلَّمَ (tasallama, “to receive the surrender”)

Такође погледајте: Category:Arabic form-V verbs

In pre-classical language the formant can be تْـ (t-) instead of تَـ (ta-) and assimilates then to alveolars. Example: اِصَّدَعَ (iṣṣadaʿa) instead of تَصَدَّعَ (taṣaddaʿa), present يَصَّدَّعُ (yaṣṣaddaʿu) instead of يَتَصَدَّعُ (yataṣaddaʿu).^[1]

Облик VI

Perfective تَفَاعَلَ (tafāʿala), imperfective يَتَفَاعَلُ (yatafāʿalu), verbal noun تَفَاعُل (tafāʿul), active participle مُتَفَاعِل (mutafāʿil), passive participle مُتَفَاعَل (mutafāʿal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) تَفَاعَلْ (tafāʿal)

This stem is formed by prefixing تَـ (ta-) to form III. The imperfect has the vowel a throughout, except for the last: يَتَكَاتَبُ (yatakātabu), yatakātabu. The meaning this form imparts is reciprocal or one of pretence.

تَقَاتَلَ (taqātala, “to fight with one another”)
تَكَاتَبَ (takātaba, “to write to each other”)
تَسَالَمَ (tasālama, “to make peace together”)
تَنَاوَمَ (tanāwama, “to pretend to sleep”)

Такође погледајте: Category:Arabic form-VI verbs

In pre-classical language the formant can be تْـ (t-) instead of تَـ (ta-) and assimilates then to alveolars (sun letters).^[1]

Облик VII

Perfective اِنْفَعَلَ (infaʿala), imperfective يَنْفَعِلُ (yanfaʿilu), verbal noun اِنْفِعَال (infiʿāl), active participle مُنْفَعِل (munfaʿil), passive participle مُنْفَعَل (munfaʿal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِنْفَعِلْ (infaʿil)

This stem is formed by prefixing نـ (n-) with an prothetic vowel (اِ (i)) where necessary (in-). The meaning this form imparts is reflexive or passive. Note: this form should not be made from roots whose first radical is ‭ر (r), ل (l), ي (y), و (w), أ (ʾ), or ن (n), although some people do it.

اِنْكَتَبَ (inkataba, “to subscribe”)
اِنْكَسَرَ (inkasara, “to be broken”)

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Облик VIII

Perfective اِفْتَعَلَ (iftaʿala), imperfective يَفْتَعِلُ (yaftaʿilu), verbal noun اِفْتِعَال (iftiʿāl), active participle مُفْتَعِل (muftaʿil), passive participle مُفْتَعَل (muftaʿal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْتَعِلْ (iftaʿil)

This stem is formed by infixing ـتَـ (-ta-) after the first radical, and with an prothetic vowel (اِ (i)) where necessary. The meaning this form imparts is the reflexive or sometimes passive, of the first form.

اِقْتَتَلَ (iqtatala, “to fight with one another”)
اِكْتَتَبَ (iktataba, “to write to each other”)
اِسْتَلَمَ (istalama, “to receive”)

When the first radical of the root is ط (ṭ) , ض (ḍ) , ص (ṣ) , ز (z) , ذ (ḏ) , د (d) , ث (ṯ) , ت (t) , or ظ (ẓ), the infixed ـتـ (-t-) is completely assimilated, or assimilated in voicing or emphasis:

اِدَّرَكَ (iddaraka) = ت (t) + دَرَكَ (daraka) – complete assimilation
اِزْدَحَمَ (izdaḥama) = ت (t) + زَحَمَ (zaḥama) – voicing assimilation
اِضْطَرَبَ (iḍṭaraba) = ت (t) + ضَرَبَ (ḍaraba) – emphasis assimilation; formerly assimilation of both voicing and emphasis when ط (ṭ) was a voiced consonant

Такође погледајте: Category:Arabic form-VIII verbs

Облик IX

Perfective اِفْعَلَّ (ifʿalla), imperfective يَفْعَلُّ (yafʿallu), verbal noun اِفْعِلَال (ifʿilāl), active participle مُفْعَلّ (mufʿall), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَلَّ‎ (ifʿalla)

This stem is formed by dropping the vowel of the first radical, adding an prothetic vowel (اِ (i)) as necessary, and doubling the final radical. This form is used by only a small number of verbs denoting color or bodily defect. It is frequently connected to an adjective with the form أَفْعَل (ʾafʿal); see Appendix:Arabic nominals § Color or defect adjectives.

اِحْمَرَّ (iḥmarra, “to turn red, to blush”) – أَحْمَر (ʾaḥmar, “red”)
اِصْفَرَّ (iṣfarra, “to turn yellow, to pale”) – أَصْفَر (ʾaṣfar, “pale”)
اِبْيَضَّ (ibyaḍḍa, “to turn white”) – أَبْيَض (ʾabyaḍ, “white”)
اِزْرَقَّ (izraqqa, “to turn blue”) – أَزْرَق (ʾazraq, “blue”)
اِعْوَجَّ (iʿwajja, “to be twisted”)

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Облик X

Perfective اِسْتَفْعَلَ (istafʿala), imperfective يَسْتَفْعِلُ (yastafʿilu), verbal noun اِسْتِفْعَال (istifʿāl), active participle مُسْتَفْعِل (mustafʿil), passive participle مُسْتَفْعَل (mustafʿal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِسْتَفْعِلْ (istafʿil)

This stem is formed by prefixing ـسْتـ (-sta-), with an prothetic vowel (اِ (i)) where necessary, and dropping the vowel of the first radical. The meaning this form imparts is to ask or think that the sense of form I should be done.

اِسْتَقْتَلَ (istaqtala, “to risk oneʼs life”)
اِسْتَكْتَبَ (istaktaba, “to ask someone to write”)
اِسْتَسْلَمَ (istaslama, “to submit, to keep to the middle of the road”)

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Облик Iq

Perfective فَعْلَقَ (faʿlaqa), imperfective يُفَعْلِقُ (yufaʿliqu), verbal noun فَعْلَقَة (faʿlaqa), active participle مُفَعْلِق (mufaʿliq), passive participle مُفَعْلَق (mufaʿlaq), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) فَعْلِقْ (faʿliq)

This is the simplest basic form of a quadriliteral verb. Most verbs are transitive, although a subset with reduplicated roots often are not. This form is similar to form II of triliteral roots.

طَمْأَنَ (ṭamʾana, “to pacify”)
تَرْجَمَ (tarjama, “to translate”)
هَنْدَسَ (handasa, “to engineer”)
قَهْقَهَ (qahqaha, “to laugh loudly”)

The formation is sometimes used to convert nouns into verbs.

فَيْلَسُوف (faylasūf, “philosopher”) → فَلْسَفَ (falsafa, “to philosophize”)

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Облик IIq

Perfective تَفَعْلَقَ (tafaʿlaqa), imperfective يَتَفَعْلَقُ (yatafaʿlaqu), verbal noun تَفَعْلُق (tafaʿluq), active participle مُتَفَعْلِق (mutafaʿliq), passive participle مُتَفَعْلَق (mutafaʿlaq), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) تَفَعْلَقْ (tafaʿlaq)

This is a quadriliteral root stem, formed by prefixing تَ (ta) to form Iq. The meaning this form imparts is the reflexive or passive of form Iq. This form is similar to form V of triliteral roots.

تَبَلْوَرَ (tabalwara, “to be crystalized”)

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Other forms

These forms were already rare in Classical Arabic, and are even more so in Modern Standard Arabic.

Облик XI

Perfective اِفْعَالَّ (ifʿālla), imperfective يَفْعَالُّ (yafʿāllu), verbal noun اِفْعِيلَال (ifʿīlāl), active participle مُفْعَالّ (mufʿāll), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَالَّ‎ (ifʿālla)

This stem is formed from form IX by lengthening the vowel after the second radical. This form is very rare and it is usually used only for metrical purposes in poetry as an alternative to form IX. Some scholars ^[2] suggest the XI form may have a more volatile meaning than form IX, as well as one slightly more intensive.

Пример: اِحْمَارَّ (iḥmārra, “to turn red, to blush”)

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Облик XII

Perfective اِفْعَوْعَلَ (ifʿawʿala), imperfective يَفْعَوْعِلُ (yafʿawʿilu), verbal noun اِفْعِيعَال (ifʿīʿāl), active participle مُفْعَوْعِل (mufʿawʿil), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَوْعِلْ (ifʿawʿil)

Пример: اِحْدَوْدَبَ (iḥdawdaba, “to be or become humpbacked”)

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Облик XIII

Perfective اِفْعَوَّلَ (ifʿawwala), imperfective يَفْعَوِّلُ (yafʿawwilu), verbal noun اِفْعِوَّال (ifʿiwwāl), active participle مُفْعَوِّل (mufʿawwil), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَوِّلْ (ifʿawwil)

Пример: اِعْلَوَّطَ (iʿlawwaṭa, “to ride or mount a camel without a saddle”)

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Облик XIV

Perfective اِفْعَنْلَلَ (ifʿanlala), imperfective يَفْعَنْلِلُ‎ (yafʿanlilu), verbal noun اِفْعِنْلَال‎ (ifʿinlāl), active participle مُفْعَنْلِل‎ (mufʿanlil), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَنْلِلْ (ifʿanlil)

Пример: اِسْحَنْكَكَ (isḥankaka, “to be or become caliginous”)

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Облик XV

Perfective اِفْعَنْلَى (ifʿanlā), imperfective ‎يَفْعَنْلَى‎ (yafʿanlā), verbal noun اِفْعِنْلَاء‎‎ (ifʿinlāʾ), active participle مُفْعَنْلٍ‎ (mufʿanlin), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَنْلَ‎ (ifʿanla)

Пример: اِسْرَنْدَى (israndā, “to vanquish”)

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Облик IIIq

Perfective اِفْعَنْلَقَ (ifʿanlaqa), imperfective يَفْعَنْلِقُ (yafʿanliqu), verbal noun اِفْعِنْلَاق (ifʿinlāq), active participle مُفْعَنْلِق (mufʿanliq), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَنْلِقْ (ifʿanliq)

Пример: اِحْرَنْجَمَ (iḥranjama, “to crowd”)

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Облик IVq

Perfective اِفْعَلَقَّ (ifʿalaqqa), imperfective يَفْعَلِقُّ‎ (yafʿaliqqu), verbal noun اِفْعِلْقَاق‎ (ifʿilqāq), active participle مُفْعَلِقّ‎ (mufʿaliqq), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَلِقَّ (ifʿaliqqa)

اِطْمَأَنَّ (iṭmaʾanna) (ṭ-m-’-n) — to be calm.
اِقْشَعَرَّ (iqšaʿarra)
اِشْمَأَزَّ (išmaʾazza)

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Изузеци

Hamzated verbs

Verbs are called hamzated if ء (hamza) is one of the root consonants (radicals). The phonetical pattern of the conjugation of these verbs doesn't differ from other verbs in all forms but because of the rules of positioning of hamza, the spelling is affected in some forms, e.g. the verb أَكَلَ (ʾakala) (ʾ-k-l) has the form يَأْكُلُ (yaʾkulu) in the imperfect masculine singular and the verb قَرَأَ (qaraʾa) (q-r-ʾ) has the form تَقْرَئِينَ (taqraʾīna) in the imperfect feminine singular.

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Weak verbs

TO DO Weak verbs are verbs that have one of the radicals و or ي.

Assimilated verbs (R1 = و or ي)
Form I: وَجَدَ (wajada) - "to find", imperfective يَجِدُ (yajidu).

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Hollow verbs (R2 = و or ي)
Form I: قَالَ (qāla) - "to say" قَالَتْ (qālat) "she said" but Lua грешка in Модул:links/templates at line 57: Parameter 4 has been entered more than once. This is probably because a parameter alias has been used..; imperfective يَقُولُ (yaqūlu) "he said", يَقُلْنَ (yaqulna) "they (f.) said".

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Final-weak verbs (R3 = و or ي), e.g. مَشَى (mašā) - "to walk", رَمَى (ramā) - "to throw", حَظِيَ (ḥaẓiya) - "to be in the good graces of, to enjoy", بَقِيَ (baqiya) - "to stay, to remain", دَعَا (daʿā) - "to call sb., to summon sb."., لَقِيَ (laqiya) - "to meet sb.".
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Other examples of weak verbs:

عَلَا (ʿalā) - "to rise"
عَلَى (ʿalā) - "to raise"
وَلِيَ (waliya) - "to follow" (assimilated and final-weak)
سَرُوَ (saruwa) - "to become honourable"
غَنَّى (ḡannā) - "to sing" (form II)
غَطَّى (ḡaṭṭā) - "to cover, to wrap" (form II)
آمَنَ (ʾāmana) - "to have faith" (form IV, assimilated)
آوَى (ʾāwā) - "to shelter" (form IV, hollow and final-weak (and initially-hamzated))
تَغَيَّرَ (taḡayyara) - "to change" (form V)
تَطَوَّعَ (taṭawwaʿa) - "to volunteer" (form V)
اِتَّهَمَ (ittahama) - "to accuse" (form VIII, root w-h-m)
اِحْتَاجَ (iḥtāja) - "to need" (form VIII)
اِزْدَوَجَ (izdawaja) - "to be doubled" (form VIII)
اِسْتَوْرَدَ (istawrada) - "to import" (form X)

Quadriliteral verbs

TO DO Quadriliteral verbs are made from roots having four radicals, e.g. تَرْجَمَ (tarjama) - "to translate"; هَنْدَسَ (handasa) - "to engineer"; قَهْقَهَ (qahqaha) - "to laugh loudly"; تَبَلْوَرَ (tabalwara) - "to be crystalized" (form IIq); اِحْرَنْجَمَ (iḥranjama) - "to press one another" (form IIIq); اِطْمَأَنَّ (iṭmaʾanna) - "to be calm" (form IVq).

Geminate verbs

TO DO Geminate verbs are verbs that have the second and the third radicals the same, e.g. مَدَّ (madda) - "to stretch"; دَلَّ (dalla) - "to indicate"; ظَنَّ (ẓanna) - "to think"; حَاقَّ (ḥāqqa) - "to sue, to litigate" (form III); أَحَبَّ (ʾaḥabba) - "to love" (form IV); تَضَادَّ (taḍādda) - "to be opposed to one another" (form VI); اِنْشَقَّ (inšaqqa) - "to split" (form VII); اِحْتَلَّ (iḥtalla) - "to occupy" (form VIII); اِسْتَرَدَّ (istaradda) - "to demand back" (form X).

References

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 Lua грешка in Модул:languages/errorGetBy at line 16: Please specify a language or etymology language code in the parameter "1"; the value "German" is not valid (see Wiktionary:List of languages)..
↑ Haywood, J.A., Nahmad, H.M. (1962) A New Arabic Grammar of the Written Language by Haywood, Harvard University Press, page 185