愛

Такође погледајте: 爱

愛	U+611B, 愛 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-611B

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[U+611A]

CJK Unified Ideographs

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[U+611C]

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References

KangXi: page 395, карактер 13
Dai Kanwa Jiten: карактер 10947
Dae Jaweon: страна 732, карактер 2
Hanyu Da Zidian: том 4, страна 2323, карактер 1
Unihan data за U+611B

Језици (5)

Okinawan • Old Japanese • Референце • Спољашње везе • Претходна Страна Наредна

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Кинески

FWOTD – 8 April 2020

трад.		愛
једн.		爱
alternative forms		㤅𢙴𢛭𢜤𤔠㤅𢙴𢛭𢜤𤔠𤔤𢟪𢖻

Wikipedia has articles on:

愛 (Written Standard Chinese^?)
愛 (Кантонски)
愛 (Класични)
愛 (Ган)
Oi (Hakka)
Ái (Eastern Min)
Ài (Southern Min)
爱 (Ву)

Glyph origin

Историјски облици карактера 愛
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script

Знакови у истом фонетском низу (愛) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Стари Кинески
愛
曖
僾
靉
薆
璦
瞹

Originally 㤅, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : phonetic 旡 (jì) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

As early as the Qin dynasty, a meaningless component 夊 (“foot”) was added to the bottom of the character, as with some other characters depicting people. Compare 憂 (from 㥑).

Further corruption turned the original phonetic 旡 into ⿱爫冖.

Etymology

Based on Baxter's (1992) Old Chinese reconstruction /*ʔɨts/, STEDT suggests that it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋ-(w)aːj (“to copulate; to love; to be gentle”). Compare Proto-Karen *ʔai (“to love”), whence Pa'o Karen [script needed] (ʔái, “to love”), S'gaw Karen အဲၣ် ('ɛ̀, “to love”); Southern Bai e⁴⁴ (“love”); Mizo hma-ngaih (“to love, to like”); Jingpho nwai (“to respect, to love”), ngwi (“to be gentle”); Burmese ငွေ့ (ngwe., “to be gentle, moderate”). The Chinese word is related to a Tibeto-Burman allofam without initial *ŋ-. STEDT states that an Old Chinese reconstruction of /*ʔɨjs/ for 愛 is also possible because Old Chinese rhyming does not provide direct evidence of contacts with *-t.

However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/, which ends in *-p-s instead. The Old Chinese contrast between *-p-s and *-t-s was lost at a late stage of Old Chinese. The final *-p is not reflected in the Tibeto-Burman comparandum provided by STEDT, making the likelihood that the Chinese form is related to the rest very low (Sagart, 2019). Behr (2016) suggests a derivation from a verbal root meaning "to draw in; to inhale; to suck in", relating it to 吸 (OC *qʰ(r)əp, “to inhale”), 欱 (OC *qʰˁ[ə]p, “to sip”), 愾 (OC *qʰəp-s, “to sigh with regret”), 僾 (OC *qˁəp-s, “to pant”), 氣 (OC *C.qʰəp-s, “vapour; breath”).

Pronunciation

Lua грешка in Модул:wuu-pron at line 162: Incorrect tone notation "2" for sh. See WT:AZH/Wu..

Definitions

愛

to love
愛國／爱国 ― àiguó ― to love one's country; to be patriotic

我愛你。／我爱你。 ― Wǒ ài nǐ. ― I love you.
- 仁者愛人，有禮者敬人。愛人者人恆愛之，敬人者人恆敬之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  仁者爱人，有礼者敬人。爱人者人恒爱之，敬人者人恒敬之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Rén zhě ài rén, yǒulǐ zhě jìng rén. Ài rén zhě rén héng ài zhī, jìng rén zhě rén héng jìng zhī. [Pinyin]
  A benevolent person loves others. A person of propriety shows respect to others. Those who love others are constantly loved by them. Those who respect others are constantly respected by them.
- 吾至愛汝，即此愛汝一念，使吾勇於就死也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  吾至爱汝，即此爱汝一念，使吾勇于就死也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: 1911, Lin Juemin, Farewell Letter to Yiying (《與妻訣別書》)
  Wú zhì ài rǔ, jí cǐ ài rǔ yī niàn, shǐ wú yǒngyú jiù sǐ yě. [Pinyin]
  I love you deeply, and it is this single thought of loving you that enables me to take courage in the face of imminent death.
to treasure; to value
愛面子／爱面子 ― ài miànzi ― to be sensitive about one's reputation
- 夏不衣裘，非愛裘也，暖有餘也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  夏不衣裘，非爱裘也，暖有余也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
  Xià bù yì qiú, fēi ài qiú yě, nuǎn yǒuyú yě. [Pinyin]
  One does not wear fur in summer not because he treasures fur, but because it is already more than warm.
- 願大王毋愛財物。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  愿大王毋爱财物。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Yuàn dàiwáng wú ài cáiwù. [Pinyin]
  Might I suggest that Your Majesty be not keenly attached to the riches.
to like; to be fond of; to be keen on
他愛說話。／他爱说话。 ― Tā ài shuōhuà. ― He likes to talk.

我不愛吃豬肉。／我不爱吃猪肉。 ― Wǒ bù ài chī zhūròu. ― I don't like to eat pork.
- 愛之欲其生，惡之欲其死。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  爱之欲其生，恶之欲其死。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Ài zhī yù qí shēng, wù zhī yù qí sǐ. [Pinyin]
  You love a man and wish him to live; you hate him and wish him to die.
- 予獨愛蓮之出淤泥而不染。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  予独爱莲之出淤泥而不染。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: 1063, Zhou Dunyi, 《愛蓮說》 (On the Love for the Lotus)
  Yú dú ài lián zhī chū yūní ér bù rǎn. [Pinyin]
  What I like about the lotus is the fact that it grows out of pond dregs yet is not caught in the filth.
to begrudge; to be reluctant
- 申生不敢愛其死。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  申生不敢爱其死。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Shēnshēng bùgǎn ài qí sǐ. [Pinyin]
  I, Shensheng, do not presume to grudge dying.
- 齊國雖褊小，吾何愛一牛？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  齐国虽褊小，吾何爱一牛？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE
  Qíguó suī biǎnxiǎo, wú hé ài yī niú? [Pinyin]
  But though Qi be a small and narrow State, how should I grudge one ox?
- 獨子愛其死乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  独子爱其死乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE, translated based on Jeffrey S. Bullock's version
  Dú zǐ ài qí sǐ hū? [Pinyin]
  Do you alone begrudge your death?
to be prone; to be easy to
愛發脾氣／爱发脾气 ― ài fāpíqì ― to be short-tempered

鐵愛生鏽。／铁爱生锈。 ― Tiě ài shēngxiù. ― Iron rusts easily.
love; affection
- 世上決沒有無緣無故的愛，也沒有無緣無故的恨。 [MSC, trad.]
  世上决没有无缘无故的爱，也没有无缘无故的恨。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 1942, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《在延安文藝座談會上的講話》 (Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition
  Shìshàng jué méiyǒu wúyuánwúgù de ài, yě méiyǒu wúyuánwúgù de hèn. [Pinyin]
  There is absolutely no such thing in the world as love or hatred with out reason or cause.
love; benevolence
遺愛人間／遗爱人间 ― yí'àirénjiān ― to leave love behind
something one loves; someone whom one loves
割愛／割爱 ― gē'ài ― to sacrifice something one loves to someone else
Honorific for someone else's daughter; variant of 嬡／嫒.
令愛／令爱 ― lìng'ài ― your precious daughter
beloved
愛妻／爱妻 ― àiqī ― beloved wife

愛將／爱将 ― àijiàng ― beloved general
(Cantonese, Hakka, Wu, Teochew) to want (an object)
我唔愛咁多。 [Cantonese, trad.]
我唔爱咁多。 [Cantonese, simp.]
ngo⁵ m⁴ oi³ gam³ do¹. [Jyutping]
I don't want that much.
- 快樂就係想愛麼個就得著 [Sixian Hakka, trad.]
  快乐就系想爱么个就得着 [Sixian Hakka, simp.]
  From: (Can we date this quote?), 饒瑞軍 (lyrics), Tetsurō Oda (music), 《快樂希望》 (Hakka version of Yume Ippai), performed by 龔心怡
  快樂就 he 想愛麼-ke 就得-tó [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
(Hakka, Min) to want (to do)
(Hakka, Min) to need to; must
有一點愛注意的。 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
有一点爱注意的。 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
Ū chi̍t 點 ài chù-ì--ê. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
There's one thing you must bear in mind.
(archaic) Alternative form of 薆／𫉁 (“to hide”).
- 愛而不見 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  爱而不见 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: c. 7th century BCE, Shijing, 《邶風‧靜女》
  ài ér bù xiàn [Pinyin]
  She hides herself and does not appear.
A презиме..

Usage notes

When used for people, 愛／爱 usually refers to romantic love. When used like this, older Mandarin speakers often describe the use of this term as overly 肉麻 (“overly romantic; corny; cheesy”). For this reason, the word 喜歡／喜欢 (“to like”) might be used instead. Using the word 喜歡／喜欢 literally means like, but when used in a romantic context (especially boyfriend/girlfriend), it actually means love. Compare Јапански 好き (suki). However, younger Mandarin speakers, especially those who have been in love for some time, seem to have been influenced somewhat by Western culture, and are now using the verb 愛／爱 much more often than was socially acceptable in the past.

Synonyms

Види 愛/изведени термини § Love (Chinese).

Compounds

Види 愛/изведени термини § Love (Chinese).

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (愛):

→ Јапански: 愛(あい) (ai)
→ Корејски: 애(愛) (ae)
→ Вијетнамски: ái (愛)

Others:

→? Proto-Hlai: *ʔəːp (“to love”)

Јапански

Kanji

Шаблон:ja-kanji

Readings

Go-on: あい (ai, Jōyō); お (o)
Kan-on: あい (ai, Jōyō)
Kun: いつくしむ (itsukushimu, 愛しむ); いとしい (itoshii, 愛しい); いとおしむ (itooshimu, 愛おしむ); かなしい (kanashii, 愛しい); おしむ (oshimu, 愛しむ); まな (mana, 愛); めでる (mederu, 愛でる)
Nanori: あ (a); あい (ai); あし (ashi); え (e); かな (kana); なる (naru); めぐ (megu); めぐみ (megumi); よし (yoshi); ちか (chika)

Compounds

Види 愛/изведени термини § Kanji.

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
愛
あい Степен: 4
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 愛.

Compare modern Мандарин 愛／爱 (ài).

Pronunciation

() あい [áꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
МФА^(кључ): [a̠i]

Noun

愛(あい) (ai)

love
愛(あい)は強(つよ)い。
Ai wa tsuyoi.
The love is strong.

愛(あい)は勝(か)つ。
Ai wa katsu.
The love wins.
affection
Синоним: 愛情 (aijō)
tenderness
This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Синоним: 愛想 (aiso)
(Buddhism) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
(Christianity) agape

Synonyms

(love, generally more passionate or erotic): 恋(こい) (koi), 恋愛(れんあい) (ren'ai)

Derived terms

Види 愛/изведени термини § Love (Japanese).

Proper noun

愛(あい) (Ai)

Lua грешка in Модул:names at line 595: Unrecognized gender: female.
a презиме.

Affix

愛(あい) (ai)

love
(US) Short for 愛州 (“Lua грешка in Модул:place at line 167: attempt to index upvalue 'implication_data' (a nil value).”).
- https://books.google.com/books?id=YZ46nNryMzAC&pg=PA2

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
愛
まな Степен: 4
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
真

Originally a compound of 真 (ma, “true, genuine”) +‎ な (na), an Old Japanese version of modern Јапански の (no, possessive particle).^[3]

The use of 愛 here is an example of ateji (当て字).

Pronunciation

() まな [màná] (Heiban – [0])
МФА^(кључ): [ma̠na̠]

Prefix

愛(まな) (mana-)

before a common noun, expresses a sense of admiration or value: good, genuine; compare English the real deal
before a noun describing a person, expresses praise or fondness: dear, beloved

Derived terms

Noun

愛(まな) (mana)

(archaic, derived from prefix sense) something dear or loved

Proper noun

愛(まな) (Mana)

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